DISCOVER SCUBA DIVING

If you're not sure whether you'll enjoy SCUBA DIVING or simply don't have the time to do a diving course, DISCOVER SCUBA DIVING might be your choice. This is a one day experience program, which allows you to dive under the direct supervision of an instructor to a maximum depth of 12 metres. The program includes some theory and together with your instructor you will learn some basic safety skills in a protected confined open water area (i.e. swimming pool conditions). Then you're ready to make your first dive and experience the amazing underwater kingdom. It's effortless as you move along beautiful coral reefs with the abundance of fish and marine life busily going about there daily lives, but keep your eyes peeled you never know what might pass by. The PADI DISCOVER SCUBA DIVING experience can be repeated as many times as you want.

Prices1 Beach Dive 2000
1 Boat Dive 2500
2 Boat Dives 3500
Price includesInstructor, rental equipment and tanks. Food, drinks and towel are included when out on the boat.

PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

  • Age 10 years or older.
  • Review, complete and sign the PADI DISCOVER SCUBA DIVING Affirmation of Risk Agreement and the PADI Medical History Form before entering the water. If you answer 'yes' to any condition on the forms medical history section, then you must receive medical approval prior to any in-water activities. You are required to bring your medical approval with you before starting any activities.
  • Parent or guardian signature is required for new divers younger than the legal age.

The PADI Discover Scuba Diving program does not give you a licence to dive; it is an experience program only. When certain requirements are met, you can earn credit towards the PADI Scuba Diver and/or Open Water Diver certification.

PADI SCUBA DIVER

The Scuba Diver certification is a pre-entry level certification. This is a 2 day course which gives you a dive license to dive to a maximum depth of 12 metres under the direct supervision of a Divemaster or higher. Under supervision of a Divemaster or higher you can plan, conduct and log dives; buy equipment, obtain air fills and continue your training on to PADI Open Water Diver. The course consists of the first 3 modules theory of the PADI Open Water Course and 3 sessions of confined water training, which can all be completed in one day. The second day you will make 2 open water dives under the professional guidance of your instructor.

COURSE OUTLINE
Self Study Read module 1-3 from the PADI OPEN WATER manual and complete knowledge reviews 1-3.
Classroom Watch Open Water DVD module 1-3, review knowledge reviews together with your instructor and complete quiz 1-3.
Confined water Confined water training module 1-3, where you will be taught how to master the skills of scuba diving. This is done in a confined water area (i.e. swimming pool like conditions). Demonstrate you can maintain yourself in water too deep to stand up in by completing a 10-minute swim/float without using any swim aids.
Open water Together with your instructor you will make 2 Open water dives to a maximum depth of 12 metres. During the dives you will demonstrate mastery of some of the skills you mastered in the confined water sessions.
Price9100
Price includesCourse Instructor, PADI Open Water Manual, Log book, Rental equipment, Tanks and License fee. Food, drinks and towel are included when out on the boat.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

  • Be 15 (10 for junior Scuba Diver) years or older.
  • Review, complete and sign the PADI SCUBA DIVER Liability Release and Assumption of Risk Agreement, PADI Standard Safe Diving Practices and the PADI Medical Statement and Divers Medical Questionnaire forms before entering the water. If you answer 'yes' to any condition on the forms medical history section, then you must receive medical approval prior to any in-water activities. You are required to bring your medical approval with you before starting the course.

PADI OPEN WATER DIVER

PADI Open Water Diver licence is a full entry level certification. This is a 4 days course which, when all requirements are met, gives you a license to dive independently within your training limits to a maximum depth of 18 metres, with a buddy. Buy air fills and diving equipment, plan, conduct and log dives and to continue your diving education to Advanced Open Water Diver and PADI Speciality courses. The course consists of 5 theory modules and confined water training, including a small exam. Also you will make 4 open water dives under the professional guidance of your instructor.

COURSE OUTLINE
Self study Read modules 1-5 from the PADI OPEN WATER manual and complete knowledge reviews 1-5.
Classroom Watch Open Water DVD module 1-5, review knowledge reviews together with your instructor and complete quizzes 1-4 and a final exam.
Confined water Confined water training module 1-5, where you will be taught how to master all the skills of scuba diving. This is done in a confined water area (i.e. swimming pool like conditions). Demonstrate you can maintain yourself in water too deep to stand up in by completing a 10-minute swim/float without using any swim aids.Also complete a 200 metre continuous surface swim or 300 metre swim with mask, snorkel and fins.
Open water Together with your instructor you will make 4 OPEN WATER dives, at least one to a maximum depth of 18 metres. During the dives you will demonstrate mastery of some of the skills you mastered in the confined water sessions.
Price13500
Price includesCourse Instructor, PADI OPEN WATER manual, Log book, Rental equipment, Tanks and License fee. Food, drinks and towel are included when out on the boat.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

  • Be 15 (10 for junior Open Water Diver) years or older. Until the age of 12 years, the maximum depth will be 12 meters for Junior Open Water Divers.
  • Review, complete and sign the PADI Open Water Diver Liability Release and Assumption of Risk Agreement, PADI Standard Safe Diving Practices and the PADI Medical Statement and Divers Medical Questionnaire forms before entering the water.If you answer 'yes' to any condition on the forms medical history section, then you must receive medical approval prior to any in-water activities. You are required to bring your medical approval with you before starting the course.

REFERRALS TO PADI OPEN WATER DIVER

If you have started your PADI Open Water course elsewhere, but would like to complete your course with us, it's not a problem. Make sure you receive a written referral from your instructor where you started the course and e-mail your referral to us. Once we have your referral we can tell you how much it will cost to complete your course with us, since it is depending on how much of the course you have completed so far.

UPGRADE FROM SCUBA DIVER TO PADI OPEN WATER DIVER

PADI Open Water Diver licence gives you a license to dive independently within your training limits to a maximum depth of 18 metres, with a buddy. Buy air fills and diving equipment, plan, conduct and log dives and to continue your diving education to Advanced Open Water Diver and PADI Specialty courses. When you are a Scuba Diver already you can upgrade to Open Water Diver by completing 2 more theory modules and confined water training as well as completing a small exam, which will cover all modules of your Open Water manual. Also you will make 2 open water dives under the professional guidance of your instructor.

COURSE OUTLINE
Self study Review modules 1-3. Read modules 4-5 from the PADI OPEN WATER manual and complete knowledge reviews 4-5.
Classroom Watch Open Water DVD module 4-5, review knowledge reviews together with your instructor and complete quiz 4 and a final exam.
Confined water Review confined water training module 1-3 and confined water training module 4 and 5, where you will learn and master more skills of scuba diving. Complete a 200 metre continuous surface swim or 300 metre swim with mask, snorkel and fins.
Open water Together with your instructor you will make 2 Open water dives, at least one to a maximum depth of 18 metres. During the dives you will demonstrate mastery of some of the skills you mastered in the confined water sessions.
Price7500
Price includesCourse Instructor, Rental equipment, Tanks and License fee. Food, drinks and towel are included when out on the boat.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

  • Be 15 (10 for junior Open Water Diver) years or older. Until the age of 12 the maximum depth will be 12 meters for Junior Open Water Divers.
  • Review, complete and sign the PADI Open Water Diver Liability Release and Assumption of Risk Agreement, PADI Standard Safe Diving Practices and the PADI Medical Statement and Divers Medical Questionnaire forms before entering the water. If you answer 'yes' to any condition on the forms medical history section, then you must receive medical approval prior to any in-water activities. You are required to bring your medical approval with you before starting the course.
  • Following PADI Standards, each student must obtain his own personal Open Water manual. To avoid problems, please bring your Open Water manual with you when upgrading to Open Water Diver, or you will have to buy one prior to starting the course.

PADI ADVENTURES IN DIVING PROGRAM(PADI ADVENTURE DIVER / ADVANCED OPEN WATER DIVER)

The PADI Open Water Diver course has taught you the basics of scuba diving. Now that you are comfortable with the basics, why not broaden your capabilities as a diver. Become more aware of the underwater environment, explore new interests and experience new adventures. What is it like at 30 meters depth, is it difficult to take underwater photos? Here's your chance to get a taste of what you like from a long list of opportunities, that way you get to feel more confident in the water and can strengthen your underwater skills.

The PADI Adventures in Diving is a very flexible program, adjustable for everbody's personal needs and interest. You can choose to do either just one adventure dive* or complete 3 Adventure Dives to earn the PADI Adventure Diver certification.

Complete a deep dive, underwater navigation and three additional dives (five dives in total) and become an Advanced Open Water Diver. You complete these dives either separately or at different times, in different locations or all together over two days.

(*One adventure dive may count as the first dive of a chosen PADI speciality)

COURSE OUTLINE
Self study Complete the Quick Review in your Adventures in Diving manual. Read the relevant chapter(s) in the Adventures in Diving manual covering your chosen Adventure Dive(s) and complete the knowledge review(s). Note: The Adventures in Diving manual is the work book for the Adventure Diver and Advanced Open Water Diver.
Classroom If you had any problems or questions on the Quick Review, your instructor will help you with this.Review knowledge reviews together with your instructor and get more clarification where needed. Overview of the tasks required to complete each Adventure Dive. For some Adventure Dives you will practice skills on land together with your instructor, prior to the Open Water Dive.
Confined water Where necessary your instructor will practice skills with you in confined water prior to the Open Water Dive.
Open water Together with your instructor you will make the Open water dives of the Adventure Dives you have chosen. During the dives you will demonstrate mastery of skills.

ADVENTURE DIVER

Price7800
Price includesAny three Adventure dives which can be completed in one day or over a longer period, Course Instructor, Adventures in Diving manual, Rental equipment, Tanks and License fee. Food, drinks and towel are included when out on the boat.

ADVANCED OPEN WATER DIVER

Price11000
Price includesFive Adventure dives, 2 which are compulsory dives, 1 Deep dive and 1 Underwater Navigation dive and three optional dives of your chose. Course Instructor, Adventures in Diving manual, Rental equipment, Tanks and License fee. Food, drinks and towel are included when out on the boat.

ADVENTURE DIVER COURSE REQUIREMENTS

  • Be certified as a PADI (junior) Open Water Diver or qualifying certification from another training organization i.e. BSAC, CMAS, SSI.
  • Minimum Age: 10 years.
  • Review, complete and sign the PADI Liability Release and Assumption of Risk Agreement, PADI Standard Safe Diving Practices and the PADI Medical Statement and Divers Medical Questionnaire before entering the water. If you answer 'yes' to any condition on the forms medical history section, then you must receive medical approval prior to any in-water activities. You are required to bring your medical approval with you before starting the course.

ADVANCED OPEN WATER DIVER COURSE REQUIREMENTS

  • Be certified as a PADI (junior) Open Water Diver or qualifying certification from another training organization i.e. BSAC, CMAS, SSI.
  • Minimum Age: 12 years.
  • Review, complete and sign the PADI Liability Release and Assumption of Risk Agreement, PADI Standard Safe Diving Practices and the PADI Medical Statement and Divers Medical Questionnaire forms before entering the water. If you answer 'yes' to any condition on the forms medical history section, then you must receive medical approval prior to any in-water activities. You are required to bring your medical approval with you before starting the course.
  • Be at least 15 years of age to participate in the PADI Enriched Air Adventure Dive.

Note about young divers: 10-11 year old divers may earn Junior Adventure Diver certification and can participate in the following adventure dives: AWARE- fish identification, Boat Diving, Underwater Photography, Peak Performance Buoyancy, Underwater navigation. Divers 12-14 years old may obtain Junior Adventure Diver or Advanced open Water Diver certification. Until the age of 12 the maximum depth for Junior Adventure Diver will be 12 meters. For 12-14 years old, the maximum depth for junior Adventure Diver and junior Advanced Open Water Diver is 21 metres.

PADI SPECIALITIES

Deep Diver Course

Get beyond your 18 meter depth limit and experience what it's like at 30 meters of 40 meters. The Deep Diver speciality course allows you to dive to a maximum depth of 40 meters (30 meters is recommended). This course covers the knowledge, skills and techniques for deeper diving. To participate you have to be a PADI Adventure Diver (or qualifying certification from another training organisation similar to that of a PADI Advanced Open Water Diver). Minimum age is 15 years.

The course takes 2 days and includes 4 dives.

Price10000

Drift Diver Course

Let the current work for you not against you and glide effortlessly along the coral reef. Develop your skills, knowledge and techniques necessary for drift diving. To participate you have to be a PADI (junior) Open Water Diver or have a qualifying certification from another training organisation. Minimum age is 12 years.

The course can be conducted in 1 day and includes 2 dives.

Price5400

Peak Performance Buoyancy Course

Improve your buoyancy control through knowledge development and practical skills. Improving your buoyancy can improve your air consumption and also you are less likely to damage any underwater life. To participate you have to be certified as a PADI (Junior) Open Water Diver or have a qualifying certification from another training organisation. The minimum age is 10 years.

The course can be conducted in 1 day and includes 2 dives.

Price5400

Wreck Diver Speciality Course

Diving on a wreck is exciting and very interesting because it attracts all kind of fish. During this course you will develop skills and knowledge necessary for safe wreck diving. The Butang Group has one wreck that can be dived on, however it is located in deep water, between 30 and 45 meter. Therefore to participate in this course, the Deep Diver Speciality rating is a prerequisite. (Normally the prerequisite is to be qualified as a PADI Adventure Diver). The minimum age is 15 years.

The course includes 4 dives on the wreck and depending on logistics as well as currents can be conducted in 2 days.

Price10000

Digital Underwater Photographer Speciality Course

This course consists of 2 levels and develops the knowledge, skills and practical techniques necessary to obtain excellent photographs with a digital camera, even on your first photo dive.

Level 1 is suitable for divers and snorkelers, basic underwater shooting and the PADI SEA Method is introduced. For divers this includes one dive as part of the course and an extra dive on the same day, for snorkelers this includes a day out on the boat, visiting 2 different snorkel sites with good photo opportunities.

Level 1 Snorkeler Price includes; Course instructor, Rental equipment, Licence fee, Confined open water training, afternoon snorkel trip. Food, drink and towel.
Price 6100

Level 1 For Certified Divers only. Price includes; Course Instructor, Rental equipment, tanks, licence fee, open water confined training and 1 fun dive from the boat. Food, drinks and towel.
Price 7000

Level 2 is only suitable for divers, participants learn about digital file formats, image resolution, exposure, composition and basic strobe use. To participate you must be certified as a PADI (Junior) Open Water Diver or qualifying certification. The minimum age is 10 years.

The course (level 1 and 2) includes 1 confined dive, 1 open water training dive. This course can be conducted over 1 and half days.

Level 1 and 2 For Certified Divers only. Price includes; Course Instructor, Rental equipment, tanks, licence fee, Open water confined training and 1 training (boat) dive. Food, drinks and towel.
Price 7400

EMERGENCY FIRST RESPONDER

The Emergency First Responder course is a one day course designed for the lay-person. This course is designed for people seeking basic CPR and first aid training. You don't have to be a diver to take part in the course and there are no age limits.

Emergency First Response Primary Care (CPR) teaches participants how to respond to life-threatening emergencies. The course focuses on primary care through a combination of knowledge development, skill development and realistic scenario practice to make sure participants have the confidence in their ability to provide care when emergency situations arise.

COURSE OUTLINE
Self Study Read modules 1-2 from the EFR Manual and complete knowledge reviews.
Classroom Watch EFR DVD covering Primary and Secondary Care. With your instructor you'll cover the topics listed below and do a final exam.
Price4000
Price includesCourse Instructor, EFR Manual and License fee.

Primary Care (CPR) skills taught in this course:

  • Scene Safety Assessment Universal Precautions.
  • Communicable Disease Protection, including barrier use.
  • Primary Assessment Rescue Breathing.
  • Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
  • Conscious and Unconscious Obstructed Airway Management.
  • Serious Bleeding Management.
  • Shock Management.
  • Spinal Injury Management.

Recommended Skills:

  • Automated External Defibrillator (AED) training.
  • Emergency Oxygen Use Orientation.
  • Emergency First Response Secondary Care (first aid) covers injuries or illnesses that are not immediately life threatening. Participants focus on secondary assessment and first aid through knowledge development, skill development and realistic scenario practice.

Secondary Skills taught in this course:

  • Injury Assessment.
  • Illness Assessment.
  • Bandaging.
  • Splinting for Dislocations and Fractures.
  • Includes Reference Section on the following topics: Allergic Reactions, Bruises, Burns, Chemical Burns, CPR (adult, child, infant) Choking (adult and infant), Cone Shell Stings, Coral, Jellyfish and Hydroid Stings, Cuts, Dental Injuries, Diabetic Problems, Dislocations and Fractures, Electrical Injuries, Eye Injuries, First Aid Kit Assembly, Fish Spine Injury, Frostbite, Heat Exhaustion, Heatstroke, Heart Attack, Hypothermia, Illness Assessment, Injury Assessment, Insect Stings, Octopus Bites, Poisoning, Rescue Breathing (adult, child, infant) Scrapes, Seizures, Snake Bites, Spider Bites, Sprains and Strains, Stroke, Temperature Related Injuries, Venomous Bites and Stings, and Illness Assessment Record Sheet.

PADI RESCUE DIVER

The PADI Rescue Diver course is the next step in continuing your diving education after the Advanced Diver certification. Probably the most demanding and serious course you will undertake in your diving education but also one of the most enjoyable and rewarding. We like to call it 'serious fun'!

In this 3 day course you will learn to look beyond yourself, to consider the safety and well-being of yourself and other divers and to make you more aware of the diving environment. You will learn how to anticipate and prevent problems as well as to manage them, learn effective rescue techniques and first aid skills specific to diving and how to manage emergency situations.

The course consists of 5 theory modules including an exam, 10 rescue training exercises and 4 open water rescue scenarios.

COURSE OUTLINE
Self study Read modules 1-5 from the PADI RESCUE DIVER manual and complete knowledge reviews 1-5.
Classroom Watch Rescue Diver DVD module 1-5, review knowledge reviews together with your instructor and complete a final exam.
Training Exercises Training exercises will be held in confined as well as in open water. During these rescue training sessions, you will practice simple skills, such as diver tows, to more complex skills, such as resuscitating an unconscious diver in the water. Also you will practice your new learned skills in practice rescue scenarios.
Open Water Rescue Scenarios On the last day of your course you will get the chance to improve your new learned rescue skills further by going through 4 realistic emergencies in an open water environment. It will be demanding and challenging, but also a lot of fun!
Price12000
Price includesCourse Instructor, PADI RESCUE DIVER manual, Rental equipment, Tanks and License fee. Food, drinks and towel are included when out on the boat.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

  • Be 15 (12 for junior Rescue Diver) years or older.
  • Be certified as a PADI (Junior) Advanced Open Water Diver or have a qualifying certification from another training organisation.
  • Prior to enrolling in the Rescue Diver course, you must successfully have completed a sanctioned course in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR-Primary Care) and basic first aid (Secondary Care) within the past 2 years. To meet these requirements we offer the Emergency First Response Primary Care and Secondary Care as a one day course. If you have completed a CPR-primary care and basic first aid course within the last 24 months, please bring proof of this when you start the course.
  • Review, complete and sign the PADI Rescue Diver Liability Release and Assumption of Risk Agreement, PADI Standard Safe Diving Practices and the PADI Medical Statement and Divers Medical Questionnaire forms before entering the water. If you answer 'yes' to any condition on the forms medical history section, then you must receive medical approval prior to any in-water activities. You are required to bring your medical approval with you before starting the course.

PADI MASTER SCUBA DIVER

The PADI Master Scuba Diver certification is the highest non-professional diver rating which shows superior achievement and experience. To reach this level of certification you will need to have completed the PADI Rescue Diver course and five additional speciality courses. You can start PADI Speciality courses once you have your PADI Open Water certification. Also you will have to show proof of 50 logged dives.

The price for Master Scuba Diver is determined by what specialties you decide to take. For more information please email us for a quote.

PADI DIVEMASTER

The PADI Divemaster certification is the first course that takes you into the roll of a professional diver. The Divemaster course expands on the problem solving skills you learned in the Rescue Diver course and expands it from accident management and prevention, to supervisory situations with student divers and certified divers. Divemaster problem solving may also include handling customer service, business and operational challenges. The main three sections of the course consist of, knowledge development, water skills and stamina and practical application. You will learn how to assist other divers, make diving safe and fun, solve problems and learn leadership skills.

COURSE OUTLINE
Self study The knowledge development consists of 12 topics. Information on these topics for self study can be found in, but is not limited to, the PADI Divemaster manual, the Encyclopaedia for Recreational Diving, which is accompanied with a Knowledge Workbook and Instructor Guides for programs PADI Divemasters may conduct. Self study can be done throughout the course. Your instructor will explain how the Divemaster course will be organised and when to prepare for which topic. Also your instructor can help you on where to find more information on each topic.
Complete an Emergency Assistance Plan based on local conditions.
Classroom The 12 topics of knowledge development will be covered during several classroom sessions. In these sessions your instructor will review the knowledge reviews in the PADI Divemaster manual and give explanation where needed. Depending on what topic is being covered, some classroom sessions will include a part of the PADI Divemaster Video.
Stamina exercises:
  1. 400 meter swim
  2. 15 minute treading water
  3. 800 meter snorkel swim
  4. 100 meter inert diver tow
Water skills Perform the 20 basic dive skills to demonstration quality. (For example mask removal and replacement, regulator recovery and clearing).
Rescue assessment Perform an effective rescue on an unresponsive, non-breathing diver, showing demonstration quality.
Training exercises
  1. Equipment exchange: exchange all scuba equipment (except wetsuit and weights) with a buddy while buddy breathing
  2. Mapping Project: Survey a dive site and draw a map of it.
  3. Divemaster Conducted Program: Conduct one of the Divemaster Conducted Programs under the direct supervision of a PADI Instructor.
Practical Application: Internship Option, participate in at least:
  • 1 PADI Open Water Diver course confined water session.
  • 4 Additional confined water training sessions from any PADI course or program.
  • 1 PADI Open Water Diver course open water training dive.
  • 1 PADI Adventures in Diving, Rescue Diver or PADI Specialty Diver course open water training session.
  • 3 additional open water training dives from any PADI course or program.
  • 1 supervisory situation with certified divers not in a formal course.
  • Note: For the Practical Application it is also possible to do Practical Training Exercises instead of the Internship Option. However we are a small dive centre and therefore it is logistically not possible for us to offer this option.
Price35000
Price includesCourse Instructor, Course materials, 40 dives plus tanks. (Applicants are required to apply for there PADI Divemaster licence themselves). It is a course requirement that divemaster applicants have all there own scuba equipment (this does not include tanks and weights). Get special students discount on equipment when you buy equipment from us.

Course materials include:

  • PADI Divemaster Manual
  • Recreational Dive Planner (RDP) - All three versions (The Wheel, table and eRDP including associated Instructions for Use booklets)
  • The Encyclopaedia of Recreational Diving
  • Diving Knowledge Workbook
  • Divemaster Slates
  • Instructors Guides for programs PADI Divemasters may conduct:
    • Discover Scuba Diving
    • Discover Snorkelling/Skin Diving
    • Scuba Review / Discover Local Diving

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

  • Be at least 18 years old.
  • Be certified as a PADI Rescue Diver or qualifying certification from another training organisation. Have proof of 20 or more logged dives.
  • Submit proof of Emergency First Response Primary Care (CPR) and Secondary Care (First Aid) training (or qualifying CPR/first aid training) within the last 24 months.
  • Review, complete and sign the PADI Divemaster Liability Release and Assumption of Risk Agreement, PADI Standard Safe Diving Practices, Submit to the instructor, medical clearance for diving signed by a physician, confirming fitness to dive. The medical clearance must be current within the previous 12 months. The physician signing the form cannot be the individual.
  • Applicants are required to apply for there PADI Divemaster licence and pay membership fees themselves.

 

SCUBA REVIEW

The PADI Scuba Review program is designed to update dive knowledge and skills, especially after a long period of diving inactivity. The program consists of two parts, knowledge review and confined water skill review, with an optional open water dive.

PROGRAM OUTLINE
Self study Using the Scuba Tune-up guide read and test your knowledge and complete quizzes and exam.
Class room Where needed your instructor can help you to refresh your knowledge.
Confined water Together with your instructor, review and refresh (where needed) all the scuba skills relevant to your certification and training.
Open Water You have the option to make an Open Water Beach Dive after finishing the Scuba Review together with your instructor.
Price1500
Optional Beach Dive1200
Price includesProgram Instructor, Rental Equipment, Rental Scuba Tune-up guide, Tanks and fee for PADI Scuba Review decal for your certification card.

PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

  • Show proof of diving certification.